Smith, S. R., Green, P. M., Leonardi, A. P., & O'Brien, J. J. (1998). The role of lower and upper tropospheric circulations in forcing ENSO winter precipitation anomalies. In 9th Symposium on Global Change Studies, American Meteorological Society, Phoenix, AZ, USA (pp. 176–179).
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Smith, S. R., Harvey, C., & Legler, D. M. (1996). Handbook of Quality Control Procedures and Methods for Surface Meteorology Data. WOCE Report 141/96, COAPS Report 96-1. Tallahassee, FL: WOCE Data Assembly Center, Center for Ocean-Atmospheric Prediction Studies, Florida State University.
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Smith, S. R., Keeley, R., & Delcroix, T. (2006). Report of the 1st Joint GOSUD/SAMOS Workshop. Boulder, CO, USA: UCAR Joint Office for Science Support.
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Smith, S. R., Kent, E. C., & Cook, S. K. (2005). Shipboard Automated Meteorological and Oceanographic System (SAMOS) Initiative. 3rd Session of the JCOMM Ship Observation Team. Brest, France: World Meteorological Organization.
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Smith, S. R., Legler, D. M., & Verzone, K. V. (1999). Quantifying uncertainties in NCEP reanalyses using high-quality research vessel observations. In Second International Conference on Reanalyses, WCRP, Reading, UK (pp. 133–136).
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Smith, S. R., Legler, D. M., & Verzone, K. V. (1999). Quantifying uncertainties in NCEP reanalysis using high-quality research vessel observations. In CLIMAR99, WMO, Vancouver, Canada (pp. 223–230).
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Smith, S. R., Legler, D. M., Verzone, K., & Bourassa, M. A. (1998). Assessment of NCEP Reanalysis Flux Fields Using High Quality Meteorological Data from WOCE Vessels. In 1998 Conference of the World Ocean Circulation Experiment: Ocean Circulation and Climate, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada (73).
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Smith, S. R., O'Brien, J. J., & Patten, J. M. (2001). Regional snowfall distributions associated with ENSO. In Symposium on Climate Variations, the Oceans, and Societal Impacts, American Meteorological Society, Albuquerque, NM, USA (pp. 19–26).
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Smith, S. R., Reynolds, R. M., & O'Brien, J. J. (2003). Report and Recommendations from the Workshop on High-Resolution Marine Meteorology. COAPS Technical Report 03-1. Tallahassee, FL: Center for Ocean-Atmospheric Prediction Studies, Florida State University.
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Smith, S. R., Alory, G., Andersson, A., Asher, W., Baker, A., Berry, D. I., et al. (2019). Ship-Based Contributions to Global Ocean, Weather, and Climate Observing Systems. Front. Mar. Sci., 6, 434.
Abstract: The role ships play in atmospheric, oceanic, and biogeochemical observations is described with a focus on measurements made near the ocean surface. Ships include merchant and research vessels; cruise liners and ferries; fishing vessels; coast guard, military, and other government-operated ships; yachts; and a growing fleet of automated surface vessels. The present capabilities of ships to measure essential climate/ocean variables and the requirements from a broad community to address operational, commercial, and scientific needs are described. The authors provide a vision to expand observations needed from ships to understand and forecast the exchanges across the ocean–atmosphere interface. The vision addresses (1) recruiting vessels to improve both spatial and temporal sampling, (2) conducting multivariate sampling on ships, (3) raising technology readiness levels of automated shipboard sensors and ship-to-shore data communications, (4) advancing quality evaluation of observations, and (5) developing a unified data management approach for observations and metadata that meet the needs of a diverse user community. Recommendations are made focusing on integrating private and autonomous vessels into the observing system, investing in sensor and communications technology development, developing an integrated data management structure that includes all types of ships, and moving toward a quality evaluation process that will result in a subset of ships being defined as mobile reference ships that will support climate studies. We envision a future where commercial, research, and privately owned vessels are making multivariate observations using a combination of automated and human-observed measurements. All data and metadata will be documented, tracked, evaluated, distributed, and archived to benefit users of marine data. This vision looks at ships as a holistic network, not a set of disparate commercial, research, and/or third-party activities working in isolation, to bring these communities together for the mutual benefit of all.
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