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Smith, S. R., D.M. Legler, M.J. Remigio, J.J. O'Brien, and M. Jarvis. (1998). Comparison of 1997-1998 U.S. Temperature and Precipitation to Climatological ENSO Warm Phase Conditions. In 23rd Annual Climate Diagnostics and Prediction Workshop, Miami, FL, USA (pp. 70–73).
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Smith, S. R., J. T. Rettig, J. Rolph, J. Hu, E. C. Kent, E. Schulz, R. Verein, S. Rutz, and C. Paver. (2010). The Data Management System for the Shipboard Automated Meteorological and Oceanographic System (SAMOS) Initiative. In J. Hall, D. E. Harrison, & D. Stammer (Eds.), Proceedings of OceanObs'09: Sustained Ocean Observations and Information for Society (Vol. 2).
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Smith, S. R., M. A. Bourassa, E. F. Bradley, C. Cosca, C. W. Fairall, G. J. Goni, J. T. Gunn, M. Hood, D. L. Jackson, E. C. Kent, G. Lagerloef, P. McGillivary, L. Petit de la Villeon, R. T. Pinker, E. Schulz, J. Sprintall, D. Stammer, A. Weill, G. A. Wick, M. J. Yelland. (2010). Automated Underway Oceanic and Atmospheric Measurements from Ships. In D. D.E. and Stammer Harrison J. Hall (Ed.), Proceedings of OceanObs'09: Sustained Ocean Observations and Information for Society (Vol. 2).
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Solow, A. R., Adams, R. F., Bryant, K. J., Legler, D. M., O'Brien, J. J., McCarl, B. A., et al. (1998). The Value of Improved ENSO Prediction to U.S. Agriculture. Climatic Change, 39(1), 47–60.
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Spade, E. R. (2001). The many faces of ENSO (El-Nino Southern Oscillation). Master's thesis, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL.
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Spiesberger, J. L., Hurlburt, H. E., Johnson, M., Keller, M., Meyers, S., & O'Brien, J. (1998). Acoustic thermometry data compared with two ocean models: the importance of Rossby waves and ENSO in modifying the ocean interior. Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans, 26(4), 209–240.
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Stauffer, C. L. (2018). Air-sea coupling dependency on sea surface temperature fronts as observed by research vessel data. Bachelor's thesis, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL.
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Steffen, J., & Bourassa, M. (2018). Barrier Layer Development Local to Tropical Cyclones based on Argo Float Observations. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 48(9), 1951–1968.
Abstract: The objective of this study is to quantify barrier layer development due to tropical cyclone (TC) passage using Argo float observations of temperature and salinity. To accomplish this objective, a climatology of Argo float measurements is developed from 2001 to 2014 for the Atlantic, eastern Pacific, and central Pacific basins. Each Argo float sample consists of a prestorm and poststorm temperature and salinity profile pair. In addition, a no-TC Argo pair dataset is derived for comparison to account for natural ocean state variability and instrument sensitivity. The Atlantic basin shows a statistically significant increase in barrier layer thickness (BLT) and barrier layer potential energy (BLPE) that is largely attributable to an increase of 2.6 m in the post-TC isothermal layer depth (ITLD). The eastern Pacific basin shows no significant changes to any barrier layer characteristic, likely due to a shallow and highly stratified pycnocline. However, the near-surface layer freshens in the upper 30 m after TC passage, which increases static stability. Finally, the central Pacific has a statistically significant freshening in the upper 20-30 m that increases upper-ocean stratification by similar to 35%. The mechanisms responsible for increases in BLPE vary between the Atlantic and both Pacific basins; the Atlantic is sensitive to ITLD deepening, while the Pacific basins show near-surface freshening to be more important in barrier layer development. In addition, Argo data subsets are used to investigate the physical relationships between the barrier layer and TC intensity, TC translation speed, radial distance from TC center, and time after TC passage.
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Stewart, M. L. (2007). Cyclogenesis and Tropical Transition in Frontal Zones. Master's thesis, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL.
Abstract: Tropical cyclones can form from many different precursors, including baroclinic systems. The process of an extratropical system evolving into a warm core tropical cyclone is defined by Davis and Bosart (2004) as a Tropical Transition (TT) with further classification of systems into Weak Extratropical Cylclones (WEC) and Strong Extratropical Cyclones (SEC). It is difficult to predict which systems will make the transition and which will not, but the description of a common type of TT occurring along a front will aid forecasters in identifying systems that might undergo TT. A wind speed and SST relationship thought to be necessary for this type of transition is discussed. QuikSCAT and other satellite data are used to locate TT cases forming along fronts and track their transformation into tropical systems. Frontal TT is identified as a subset of SEC TT and the evolution from a frontal wave to a tropical system is described in five stages. A frontal wave with stronger northerly wind and weaker southerly wind is the first stage in the frontal cyclogenesis. As the extratropical cyclogenesis continues in the next two stages, bent back warm front stage and instant occlusion stage, the warmer air of the bent back front becomes surrounded by cooler air . Next, in the subtropical stage the latent heat release energy from the ocean surface begins ascent and forms a shallow warm core. As the energy from surface heat fluxes translates to convection within the system, the warm core extends further into the upper levels of the atmosphere in the final, tropical stage of TT. Model data from MM5 simulations of three storms, Noel (2001), Peter (2003) and Gaston (2004) are analyzed to illustrate the five stages of frontal TT. Noel is found to have the most baroclinic origin of the three and Gaston the least.
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Stricherz, J. Nz, J. N., Legler, D. M., & O'Brien, J. J. (1997). TOGA Pseudo-Stress Atlas 1985-1994: Volume 2: Tropical Pacific Ocean. COAPS Technical Report 97-2. Tallahassee, FL: Center for Ocean-Atmospheric Prediction Studies, Florida State University.
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